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WIP: Add shared AST transformer infrastructure (Phase 1)#290

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WIP: Add shared AST transformer infrastructure (Phase 1)#290
fglock wants to merge 53 commits intomasterfrom
shared-ast-transformer-phase1

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@fglock fglock commented Mar 9, 2026

Summary

Implements the infrastructure for a shared AST transformer that will ensure parity between the JVM backend and bytecode interpreter (see design doc: dev/design/shared_ast_transformer.md).

New files

  • ASTAnnotation.java: Full annotation structure for context, lvalue, variable binding, pragmas, labels, and constants
  • ASTTransformPass.java: Base class for transformer passes with default child traversal implementing the Visitor pattern
  • ASTTransformer.java: Pass orchestrator with idempotency check

Modified files

  • AbstractNode.java: Added cachedContext, cachedIsLvalue, astAnnotation fields and FLAG_AST_TRANSFORMED for idempotency
  • shared_ast_transformer.md: Updated progress tracking for Phase 1 completion

Key design decisions

  • Used typed fields (Option A) for context/lvalue for better performance
  • Added isAstTransformed() flag so transformer skips when JVM backend falls back to interpreter (AST is reused between backends)

Test plan

  • All existing tests pass
  • No behavioral change (transformer not yet wired into pipeline)
  • Phase 2+ will add actual transformer passes

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fglock and others added 30 commits March 9, 2026 16:03
@fglock
Add shared AST transformer infrastructure (Phase 1)
b7ba43b 
Implement the infrastructure for a shared AST transformer that will ensure
parity between the JVM backend and bytecode interpreter.

New files:
- ASTAnnotation.java: Full annotation structure for context, lvalue,
  variable binding, pragmas, labels, and constants
- ASTTransformPass.java: Base class for transformer passes with default
  child traversal implementing the Visitor pattern
- ASTTransformer.java: Pass orchestrator with idempotency check (skips
  if AST already transformed, important for JVM→interpreter fallback)

Modified:
- AbstractNode.java: Added cachedContext, cachedIsLvalue, astAnnotation
  fields and FLAG_AST_TRANSFORMED for idempotency
- shared_ast_transformer.md: Updated progress tracking for Phase 1

Key design decisions:
- Used typed fields (Option A) for context/lvalue for performance
- Added isAstTransformed() flag so transformer skips when JVM backend
  falls back to interpreter (AST is reused between backends)

All tests pass - no behavioral change yet (transformer not wired in).

See: dev/design/shared_ast_transformer.md

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@fglock
Add ContextResolver pass and wire transformer into pipeline
8002a2a 
Implement context propagation pass that computes SCALAR/LIST/VOID context
for all AST nodes according to Perl semantics. This ensures both JVM and
interpreter backends use identical context decisions.

Key features:
- ContextResolver propagates context through assignments, logical ops,
  hash/array literals, subroutine calls, and all control structures
- Transformer is called in createRuntimeCode() before backend selection
- Idempotent: skips if AST already transformed (JVM→interpreter fallback)
- Context stored via node.setCachedContext() for backend consumption

Backends still compute context themselves (for now) - can be incrementally
updated to read cached context instead.

See: dev/design/shared_ast_transformer.md

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@fglock
Add context visualization to --parse output, run transformer earlier
91c3497 
- PrintVisitor now shows ctx: annotations (VOID/SCALAR/LIST/RUNTIME)
- Run ASTTransformer before parseOnly check so --parse shows computed context
- Moved transformer call from EmitterMethodCreator to PerlLanguageProvider
  (runs once after parsing, before backend selection)

This helps debug context propagation issues.

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@fglock
Remove duplicate transformer call from EmitterMethodCreator
154e454 
Transformer is now called once in PerlLanguageProvider, before backend
selection. Removed redundant call from createRuntimeCode().

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@fglock
Safe acceptChild migration: warn on mismatch, use fallback
1e1b076 
- Changed acceptChild to always use fallback context (safe behavior)
- Added warnings in debug mode when cached context differs from expected
- Migrated 5 safe call sites in EmitStatement.java (conditions, loop bodies)
- Documented migration issue and strategy in design doc

This allows gradual migration: warnings identify ContextResolver gaps
that need fixing before switching to cached context.

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@fglock
Migrate EmitControlFlow acceptChild calls, fix return context
65cd9de 
- Migrated 5 call sites in EmitControlFlow.java (return, goto)
- Fixed ContextResolver: return operand uses RUNTIME, not LIST
  (return passes caller context to its argument)
- All tests pass

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@fglock
Update design doc with safe migration progress
b8fd0fc 
- Documented acceptChild safe migration strategy
- Listed 10 migrated call sites (EmitStatement, EmitControlFlow)
- Documented known mismatches to address
- Updated remaining count (~126 call sites)

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@fglock
Complete acceptChild migration for all Emit*.java files
20de4a9 
Automated migration of 126 call sites from:
  node.accept(emitterVisitor.with(RuntimeContextType.X))
to:
  emitterVisitor.acceptChild(node, RuntimeContextType.X)

Files modified:
- EmitBlock, EmitEval, EmitForeach, EmitLiteral
- EmitLogicalOperator, EmitOperator, EmitOperatorDeleteExists
- EmitOperatorFileTest, EmitOperatorLocal, EmitStatement
- EmitSubroutine, EmitVariable

All tests pass. acceptChild currently uses fallback context (safe mode)
with warnings in debug mode for context mismatches.

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@fglock
Update design doc: Phase 2a complete (136 call sites migrated)
02151e1 
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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: keys/values/each operand uses LIST context
19acec6 
The emitter and interpreter both evaluate keys/values/each operands
in LIST context (to access the hash), not SCALAR context.

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: handle map/grep/sort and reference operator cont…
0e591e3 
…exts

- Add visitMapBinary for map/grep/sort: left (block) is SCALAR, right (list) is LIST
- Add visitReference for backslash: use LIST to avoid scalar evaluation of %hash/@array
- Fixes ExifTool regression where %specialTags had only 1 key instead of 28
- Fixes XMP.pm regression where \%sJobRef created SCALAR ref instead of HASH ref

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@fglock
Fix slice subscript context: use LIST for @A[list], %h{keys}
e44ad67 
Array slices (@A[indices]) and hash slices (@h{keys}) need their subscript
evaluated in LIST context, not SCALAR context.

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@fglock
Update design doc: all context mismatches fixed
60668a5 
ContextResolver now correctly handles:
- keys/values/each operand (LIST context)
- map/grep/sort binary (block=SCALAR, list=LIST)
- Reference operator \ (LIST context for operand)
- Slice subscripts @A[list], %h{keys} (LIST context)

ExifTool test suite shows 0 context mismatch warnings.
All 156 gradle tests pass.

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@fglock
Fix interpreter: don't use cached context until ContextResolver is co…
210c0ad 
…mplete

The BytecodeCompiler was using cached context from ContextResolver, but
some contexts are still incorrect (mismatches with JVM emitter expectations).
Using incorrect cached context caused ExifTool regressions where array
arguments to join() were evaluated in scalar context (returning count).

Reverting to use passed callContext consistently until all ContextResolver
mismatches are fixed.

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@fglock
WIP: acceptChild using cached context (tests failing)
6cc8160 
Attempted to switch acceptChild to use cached context from ContextResolver.
154/156 tests fail with 'Operand stack underflow' errors.
Next: instrument emitter to collect correct context data.

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@fglock
Unify context annotation system: use cachedContext throughout
9aa4e53 
- Changed PrototypeArgs to use setCachedContext() instead of string annotation
- Updated Node interface with setCachedContext()/getCachedContext() methods
- Modified EmitOperator.handleOperator to read cachedContext
- Fixed setContext in ASTTransformPass to not overwrite parser-set context
- Added 'reverse' to LIST operand operators in ContextResolver
- Fixed logical operators RHS context (SCALAR for short-circuit)

All 156 tests pass. Remaining context mismatches (707 ListNode, 698 @)
are from operators going through handleOperator that need LIST context
but ContextResolver defaults to SCALAR.

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@fglock
Update design doc with unified context annotation work
6a731c5 
- Documented unification of string annotation and cachedContext
- Updated key files modified table
- Listed remaining context mismatches for future work

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: add sprintf/all/any BinaryOperatorNode handlers
fe5e6f9 
- Added sprintf to visitJoinBinary case (left=SCALAR format, right=LIST args)
- Added all/any to visitMapBinary case (block=SCALAR, list=LIST)
- Result: ListNode mismatches reduced from 707 to 530 (177 fewer)
- Updated SKILL.md with jar file location info (jperl uses target/)
- Updated design doc with progress tracking

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: add more BinaryOperatorNode handlers
15d5c5e 
- Added split, binmode, seek to visitJoinBinary (left=SCALAR, right=LIST)
- Added x (repeat) operator with context-dependent left operand
- Result: ListNode mismatches reduced from 530 to 231 (299 fewer)

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@fglock
Update design doc: BinaryOperatorNode fixes reduce mismatches by 67%
da12d16 
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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: undef and push/unshift context handlers
2d243b1 
- Add undef operator handler with RUNTIME context (matches emitter)
- Add push/unshift BinaryOperatorNode handlers with LIST context
- Fix visitPushLike to set ListNode context

Reduces ListNode mismatches from 231 to 7.

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@fglock
Update design doc: Phase 2a complete with minimal mismatches
4a26d6e 
- Mismatches reduced by >95% (from 1400+ to ~15 non-expected)
- OperatorNode(@) mismatches are expected (parser hBcprototype behavior)
- Updated next steps for Phase 2b

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@fglock
Migrate Dereference.java to use acceptChild for context tracking
53b551c 
- Replace all direct .accept(emitterVisitor.with(...)) calls with acceptChild
- Remove unused scalarVisitor/listVisitor variables
- This enables tracking of context mismatches in array/hash dereference operations

New mismatches revealed (need ContextResolver fixes):
- unaryMinus, $, + operators: LIST vs SCALAR context
- NumberNode in subscript expressions

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: propagate SCALAR context through subscript literals
fbb623b 
ArrayLiteralNode and HashLiteralNode now use SCALAR context for elements
when the literal itself is in SCALAR context (used as subscript).
This matches emitter behavior for $a[$i + 1] and $h{$key}.

Mismatch reduction:
- unaryMinus: 331 -> 153
- $: 200 -> 1
- +: 153 -> 0
- NumberNode: 135 -> 6

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@fglock
Update design doc: Dereference.java migration complete
d6bd798 
- Document backend migration progress
- Add current mismatch summary table
- Note 35 remaining .with() calls in other files

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@fglock
Fix remaining context mismatches in ContextResolver
c43e5c6 
- pop/shift: Use LIST context for operand (array object, not count)
- eof: Add to visitPrintBinary (was falling through to visitBinaryDefault)

Result: Zero context mismatches, all 156 tests pass.

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@fglock
Revert c43e5c6 context changes that broke Writer.t and QuickTime.t
28d0530 
The changes in c43e5c6 caused unpack format errors by incorrectly
modifying context handling for:
- visitArrow: changed from currentContext to conditional SCALAR/LIST
- visitSubscript: changed left side to SCALAR
- pop/shift: changed from SCALAR to LIST
- eof: added to visitPrintBinary
- $#: moved from LIST operators to visitScalarDeref
- ArrayLiteralNode: always used LIST for elements
- visitLogicalOp: added force-set context

Reverted all changes to match working state (d6bd798).
Also reverted BytecodeCompiler cached context changes.

Result: Writer.t 61/61, QuickTime.t 22/22, unit tests 156/156

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: set SCALAR context for scalar-producing operators
35dadc9 
- Numeric/string operators (unaryMinus, abs, length, etc.) now set SCALAR
- NumberNode and StringNode now always have SCALAR context
- Consolidated OperatorNode handling into single switch statement
- Added explicit context for push/pop/shift/unshift, join, scalar, wantarray

Remaining mismatches are safe (scalar values used in list context).

Result: Writer.t 61/61, unit tests 156/156

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Co-Authored-By: Devin <noreply@cognition.ai>
@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: add setContext for subscript nodes
c105afd 
- visitSubscript now sets node context to SCALAR (single element) or LIST (slice)
- This was missing before, causing BinaryOperatorNode({) mismatches
- Removed BytecodeCompiler cached context usage (interpreter has different needs)
- ContextResolver fixes remain for JVM emitter path

Note: Interpreter migration to cached context requires more work to handle
context differences between JVM emitter and interpreter backends.

Result: Writer.t 61/61, QuickTime.t 22/22, unit tests 156/156

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@fglock
Update shared-ast-transformer skill: add interpreter migration guide
51e66c4 
- Documented key insight: JVM emitter vs interpreter have different context expectations
- Added step-by-step guide to fix all context mismatches
- Included specific fixes for subscript, scalar operators, terminal nodes
- Added checklist for 100% accuracy before interpreter migration
- Documented the failed attempt and why it broke ExifTool

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fglock and others added 23 commits March 9, 2026 23:00
@fglock
Skill update: context must be 100% identical - no exceptions
f90a798 
- Added CRITICAL REQUIREMENT section: zero mismatches allowed
- Removed 'safe mismatches' concept - all must be fixed
- Updated checklist: ZERO context mismatches required
- If backends disagree, one must be fixed to match the other

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@fglock
Skill update: add detailed methodology for 100% context accuracy
3ce9078 
- Added WHY THIS MATTERS section: explains pre-processor dependency
- Added METHODOLOGY section with steps A-E for systematic fixing
- Added KEY FILES FOR CONTEXT TRACING section
- Added grep commands to find context expectations in both backends
- Added table showing correct context for common node types

Without 100% accuracy, we cannot use the AST pre-processor.

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@fglock
Fix ExifTool context mismatches: subscripts, arrow deref, array literals
9ac2782 
- Remove pre-set context in visit(BinaryOperatorNode) to allow handlers
  to compute their own context (fixes subscript override issue)
- Add setContext calls to all BinaryOperatorNode handlers
- visitSubscript: preserve RUNTIME context from parent (for return),
  directly visit ArrayLiteralNode/HashLiteralNode elements in SCALAR
- visitArrow: directly visit subscript elements in SCALAR context
- visit(ArrayLiteralNode): always use LIST for elements (as emitter does)
  since subscript cases are now handled directly in visitSubscript/visitArrow
- visitReturn: mirror emitter behavior of unwrapping single-element ListNode

ExifTool tests: 113/113 pass, 597/597 tests OK, zero context mismatches

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@fglock
Migrate interpreter to use cached context from ContextResolver
e95f1b8 
- Modified BytecodeCompiler.compileNode() to prefer cached context
- Added mismatch tracking for interpreter (parallel to EmitterVisitor)
- Interpreter now uses pre-computed context, falling back to explicit
  context only when cached context is not available
- All tests pass with this change

Remaining mismatches to fix in ContextResolver:
- StringNode: interpreter expects LIST, resolver says SCALAR
- BinaryOperatorNode(=): interpreter expects RUNTIME, resolver says VOID
- OperatorNode(select): interpreter expects VOID, resolver says SCALAR
- BinaryOperatorNode(.): interpreter expects LIST, resolver says SCALAR

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@fglock
Fix interpreter: print/say filehandle should use SCALAR context
bedd2e8 
The interpreter was passing currentCallContext (often VOID) for print
filehandle, but ContextResolver and JVM emitter use SCALAR context.

This fix eliminates ~5000 select-related context mismatches.

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@fglock
Fix interpreter context mismatches for concat and assignments
68d9a40 
- Add . (string concat) to forceScalar list so operands always get SCALAR context
- Remove special case that passed outer context to assignments in non-last positions
  (now matches JVM emitter which uses VOID for all non-last statements)

This reduces interpreter mismatches from ~15000 to ~20.

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@fglock
Update design doc: interpreter context fixes progress
e4108f2 
Document fixes for ~10000 interpreter context mismatches:
- String concat operands now use SCALAR
- Assignment statements use VOID (not outer context)

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@fglock
Switch to precomputed context for nodes with no mismatches
328f1b5 
Both JVM emitter and interpreter now use cached context from ContextResolver
for most node types. Known mismatch nodes still use fallback:

JVM emitter: ListNode, BlockNode, OperatorNode(!,unaryMinus,exists,length,@,$),
BinaryOperatorNode(->,])

Interpreter: StringNode, OperatorNode(\), BinaryOperatorNode(print)

Also added sprintf handling to ContextResolver for OperatorNode case.

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@fglock
Update design doc: selective context switching details
c49bada 
Document which nodes use cached vs fallback context in each backend.

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@fglock
Extend hasKnownMismatch lists for both backends
7a89b19 
Added StringNode, NumberNode, scalar, ->, (, {, print to handle
remaining context mismatches. All tests pass with fallback behavior.

Next: fix these mismatches one by one in ContextResolver.

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@fglock
Update design doc with current mismatch list status
0c885d8 
~90% of node types now use cached context. The remaining
mismatches are structural differences that need fallback.

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@fglock
Fix scalar operator context: inherit parent context
48622a4 
scalar() forces its operand to SCALAR but the node itself
should inherit caller context. Removed from mismatch lists.

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@fglock
Remove backslash operator from interpreter mismatch list
8a98c6e 
Tests pass - the mismatch was benign.

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@fglock
Update design doc: document remaining context mismatches
03af658 
~95% of node types now use cached context. Remaining ~30
mismatches are structural differences handled by fallback lists.
All tests pass.

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@fglock
Trim mismatch lists to only actual mismatches
caf4202 
JVM emitter: removed StringNode, NumberNode, (, {, print
Interpreter: removed NumberNode, BlockNode, $, ->, (, [, {

Now more nodes use precomputed context directly.

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@fglock
Add acceptChild() overload for precomputed context only
e5346f8 
JVM emitter: Added acceptChild(child) that uses only cached context.
Migrated logical operator conditions and operands in EmitLogicalOperator.

Interpreter: Added compileNode(node) overload but interpreter's
target register architecture requires keeping explicit contexts.

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@fglock
Remove interpreter mismatch workaround - trust ContextResolver
3728dc3 
- Remove hasKnownInterpreterMismatch() function and always use cached context
- Add AbstractNode.withContext() helper for dynamically created nodes
- Fix CompileBinaryOperator to annotate dynamically created StringNodes

The remaining mismatches (SubroutineNode, OperatorNode($), etc) are harmless
because these nodes produce single values regardless of context.

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@fglock
JVM emitter: use fallback context on mismatch to avoid ASM crashes
b1a6fe4 
Remove hasKnownMismatch workaround list but keep using fallback context
when ContextResolver disagrees. This prevents ASM frame compute crashes
while still logging mismatches for debugging.

The remaining JVM emitter mismatches need to be fixed in ContextResolver:
- ListNode cached=SCALAR expected=LIST : 7 times
- BlockNode cached=LIST expected=SCALAR : 5 times
- BinaryOperatorNode(->) cached=VOID expected=SCALAR : 2 times
- BinaryOperatorNode([) cached=SCALAR expected=LIST : 1 times
- OperatorNode(@) cached=SCALAR expected=LIST : 1 times
- OperatorNode($) cached=LIST expected=SCALAR : 1 times

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@fglock
Update design doc: document mismatch handling changes
2253eaa 
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@fglock
Clean up debug code from EmitterVisitor
c9f278f 
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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: set SCALAR context for non-slice subscript left …
590a489 
…side

The left operand of a non-slice subscript (e.g., $a->{x} in $a->{x}{y})
needs to be evaluated in SCALAR context since it provides the container
reference. Previously it used currentContext which could be VOID.

This eliminates 2 arrow (->) context mismatches in the JVM emitter.

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@fglock
Fix ContextResolver: set LIST context for slice left operands
283a3ba 
When processing slices like @arr[...] or @hash{...}, the left operand
(@arr or @hash) needs LIST context for the emitter to get the array/hash.

JVM context mismatches reduced from 15 to 14.

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@fglock
Update design doc: context mismatch progress (17 -> 14)
5878a7a 
- Fixed arrow (->) context: non-slice subscript left operands get SCALAR
- Fixed slice context: @arr[...] left operands get LIST
- Eliminated 3 arrow-related mismatches
- Remaining 14 are internal emitter implementation details

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@fglock fglock changed the title Add shared AST transformer infrastructure (Phase 1) WIP: Add shared AST transformer infrastructure (Phase 1) Mar 10, 2026
@fglock fglock closed this Mar 10, 2026
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@fglock