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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/04/08/CPP-一/" itemprop="url">C++(一)</a></h1>
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<h4 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h4><blockquote>
<p>C++ 是一种静态类型的、编译式的、通用的、大小写敏感的、不规则的编程语言，支持过程化编程、面向对象编程和泛型编程<br>C++ 被认为是一种中级语言，它综合了高级语言和低级语言的特点<br>C++ 是由 Bjarne Stroustrup 于 1979 年在贝尔实验室开始设计开发的。C++ 进一步扩充和完善C,是 C 的一个超集，事实上，任何合法的 C 程序都是合法的 C++ 程序<br>注意：使用静态类型的编程语言是在编译时执行类型检查，而不是在运行时执行类型检查<br>2014 ISO/IEC 14882:2014 C++14 第四个C++标准</p>
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<blockquote>
<p>C++ 完全支持面向对象的程序设计，包括面向对象开发的四大特性：<br>封装<br>抽象<br>继承<br>多态</p>
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<p>标准库<br>标准的 C++ 由三个重要部分组成：<br>核心语言，提供了所有构件块，包括变量、数据类型和常量，等等。<br>C++ 标准库，提供了大量的函数，用于操作文件、字符串等。<br>标准模板库（STL），提供了大量的方法，用于操作数据结构等</p>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MinGW</a></li>
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<h4 id="语法"><a href="#语法" class="headerlink" title="语法"></a>语法</h4><ul>
<li><p>程序结构</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include <iostream></span><br><span class="line">using namespace std;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">// main() 是程序开始执行的地方 ，单行注释</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">int main()</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> cout << "Hello World"; // 输出 Hello World</span><br><span class="line"> return 0;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>包含头文件<code><iostream></code></li>
<li><code>using namespace std;</code>使用std命名空间</li>
<li><code>int main()</code>主函数，程序从这里开始执行</li>
<li><code>return 0</code> 终止main()函数，返回0</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>编译执行<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ touch hello.cpp</span><br><span class="line">$ g++ hello.cpp</span><br><span class="line">$ ./a.exe</span><br><span class="line">Hello World</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<h4 id="SQLite-Java"><a href="#SQLite-Java" class="headerlink" title="SQLite Java"></a>SQLite Java</h4>
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<li><p><code>transient</code> vs <code>volatile</code>不同之处</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>volatile</code>和序列化无关，写数据到改修饰的变量，会同步刷新到内存中，访问变量时从内存中读取，与 <code>synchronized</code> 块相比，<code>volatile</code> 变量所需的编码较少，并且运行时开销也较少，但是它所能实现的功能也仅是 <code>synchronized</code> 的一部分,不具备原子性。只能在有限的一些情形下使用 volatile 变量替代锁。要使 volatile 变量提供理想的线程安全，必须同时满足下面两个条件：<br>1.对变量的写操作不依赖于当前值<br>2.该变量没有包含在具有其他变量的不变式中</p>
</li>
<li><p>第一个条件的限制使 volatile 变量不能用作线程安全计数器。虽然增量操作（x++）看上去类似一个单独操作，实际上它是一个由读取－修改－写入操作序列组成的组合操作，必须以原子方式执行，而 volatile 不能提供必须的原子特性</p>
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<li><p>如果凑巧两个线程在同一时间使用不一致的值执行 setLower 和 setUpper 的话，则会使范围处于不一致的状态。例如，如果初始状态是 (0, 5)，同一时间内，线程 A 调用 setLower(4) 并且线程 B 调用 setUpper(3)，显然这两个操作交叉存入的值是不符合条件的，那么两个线程都会通过用于保护不变式的检查，使得最后的范围值是 (4, 3) —— 一个无效值</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">@NotThreadSafe </span><br><span class="line">public class NumberRange {</span><br><span class="line"> private int lower, upper;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> public int getLower() { return lower; }</span><br><span class="line"> public int getUpper() { return upper; }</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> public void setLower(int value) { </span><br><span class="line"> if (value > upper) </span><br><span class="line"> throw new IllegalArgumentException(...);</span><br><span class="line"> lower = value;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> public void setUpper(int value) { </span><br><span class="line"> if (value < lower) </span><br><span class="line"> throw new IllegalArgumentException(...);</span><br><span class="line"> upper = value;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>正确使用volatile模式</p>
<ul>
<li><p>状态标志,公共特性是：通常只有一种状态转换；shutdownRequested 标志从 false 转换为 true，然后程序停止</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> volatile boolean shutdownRequested;</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">public void shutdown() { shutdownRequested = true; }</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">public void doWork() { </span><br><span class="line"> while (!shutdownRequested) { </span><br><span class="line"> // do stuff</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-jtp06197.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">其他待续</a></p>
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</ul>
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<li><p>序列化会排除被<code>transient</code>修饰的变量，反序列化会返回相应的默认值</p>
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